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Fish Oil and Immune Function
Professor Lai Hong-Shiee at the university hospital in Taiwan is conducting a study on human subjects evaluating the clinical efficacy, including nutritional status, immune function and safety of Omegaven (w-3 fish oil) supplemented parenteral nutrition in subjects of the ICU of the Taiwan university hospital. They are testing this on 30 subjects 15 being patients of the ICU of the NTUH.
Fish oil was passed to the subjects, or the placebo in the control case, through an infusion pump for a period of 16 hours daily. This study began in March of 2005 and was slated to finish in March of 2007, has commenced earlier than expected. The study has been published through the Taiwan Department of health as well as the Parenter Enternal Nutrition.
The most important variable that the researchers hoped to see upgraded by the implementation by the supplementation of fish oil were variables including blood pressure, heat rate, body temperature, liver function, renal function, coagulation, WBC, and lipid profile. The test studied a wide range of patients but all had to be in the ICU for between 7-15 days and between the ages of 15-75, male and female.
What was found in this study was the implementation of fish oil was successful in helping a larger amount of patients (35%) reduce incidence of infection, seemed to shorten many of their hospital stays, and decreased mortality rates. The researchers, having completed their work, were unsatisfied with their results and are considering a retrial of the tests. Though the tests showed promising results, Hong-Shiee feels there is more to uncover about the potential success of fish oils, and their benefits on patients in the intensive care unit.
Fish Oil in Cell-mediated Immune Responses
A Hughes, AC Pinder, Z Piper, IT Johnson, and EK Lund at the Department of Nutrition, Diet and Health, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norfolk, United Kingdom did a study on fish oil supplementation inhibits the expression of major histocompatibility complex class II molecules and adhesion molecules on human monocytes.
To test the hypothesis that fish oil supplementation can inhibit the expression of functionally associated molecules on the surface of human blood monocytes, the researchers randomly assigned 12 healthy adults to receive either an n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid-rich fish oil supplement for 21 d or to receive no supplement. The percentage of monocytes expressing major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules (HLA-DR, -DP, and -DQ), intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and leukocyte-function-associated antigen-1, and the intensity of expression of each molecule were quantified before and after the study period.
Monocytes were examined immediately after blood sampling and again after incubation in serum-free culture medium for 24 h in the presence of interferon-gamma to up-regulate expression of MHC class II molecules by the monocytes. The intensity of expression of all the monocyte surface molecules examined was significantly reduced after fish oil supplementation although there was no change in the percentage of monocytes expressing each molecule.
After incubation with interferon-gamma, there was a similar inhibition of surface molecule expression (with the exception of HLA-DQ) by monocytes from the fish oil-supplemented group, and there was a reduction in the percentage of monocytes expressing both HLA-DR and -DP molecules. There were no significant changes that were observed in the reference group.
Dietary supplementation with fish oil can inhibit the expression of surface molecules involved in the function of human antigen-presenting cells, a potential mechanism by which n-3 fatty acids may suppress cell- mediated immune responses. This research was published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.
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